【职称英语】每日一练（阅读理解+补全短文+完形填空）2015-3-7

本次练习题分为阅读理解+补全短文+完形填空三个部分

第一部分  阅读理解

　A Sunshade for the Planet

　　Even with the best will1 in the world, reducing our carbon emissions is not going prevent global warming. It has become clear that even if we take the most strong measures to control emissions, the uncertainties in our climate models still leave open the possibility of extreme warming and rises in sea level. At the same time, resistance by governments and special interest groups makes it quite possible that the actions suggested by climate scientists might not be implemented soon enough.

　　Fortunately, if the worst comes to the worse2, scientists still have a few tricks up their sleeves3. For the most part they have strongly resisted discussing these options for fear of inviting a sense of complacency that might thwart efforts to tackle the root of the problem. Until now, that is. A growing number of researchers are taking a fresh look at large-scale “geoengineering” projects that might be used to counteract global warming. “I use the analogy of methadone4,” says Stephen Schneider, a climate researcher at Stanford University in California who was among the first to draw attention to global warming. “If you have a heroin addict, the correct treatment is hospitalization, and a long rehab. But if they absolutely refuse, methadone is better than heroin.

　　Basically the idea is to apply “sunscreen” to the whole planet. One astronomer has come up with a radical plan to cool Earth: launch trillions of feather-light discs into space, where they would form a vast cloud that would block the sun’s rays. It’s controversial, but recent studies suggest there are ways to deflect just enough of the sunlight reaching the Earth’s surface to counteract the warming produced by the greenhouse effect. Global climate models show that blocking just 1. 8 per cent of the incident energy in the sun’s rays would cancel out the warming effects produced by a doubling of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere. That could be crucial, because even the most severe emissions-control measures being proposed would leave us with a doubling of carbon dioxide by the end of this century, and that would last for at least a century more.

　　词汇：

　　emission 发射，发射物  heroin 海洛因
　　complacency 满足  hospitalization 住院治疗
　　thwart 反对，阻挠   rehab  接受康复治疗
　　geoengineering 地质工程  astronomer 天文学家
　　trillion （英、德）百万兆  counteract 抵消；
　　controversial 有争议的  methadone 美沙酮，美散痛
　　deflect （使）偏转

　　注释:

　　1. the best will:*好的愿望
　　2. if the worst comes to the worst:如果昀昀糟糕的事情发生了。这是英式英语的用法，在美式英语中它说成 if worst comes to worst。在不同的语境中，有不同的译法。如 : “If the worst comes to the worst，” Becky thought， “my retreat is secure; and I have the right-hand seat in the barouche.”蓓基想道 :“逼到昀后一条路，逃难是不怕的了，在他的大马车里，我险稳地有一个位了。”又如 : If the worst comes to the worst，we’ll sell the car.大不了我们把车卖了。
　　3. scientists still have a few tricks up their sleeves:科学家们仍然有些不为人所知的招数。 have something up one’s sleeve是英语成语，意思是 : to have a secret idea or plan,有锦囊妙计，有所保留的，秘而不宣的谋略或计划，例如 : If this trip doesn’t work out I've still got a few ideas up my sleeve.
　　4. methadone:美沙酮，一种有效的合成麻醉药，它不像吗啡或海洛因那样容易让人上瘾，在戒毒治疗中被用作这些毒品的替代品。

　　练习:

　　1. According to the first two paragraphs，the author thinks that
　　A strong measures have been taken by the government to prevent global warming.
　　B to reduce carbon emissions is an impossible mission.
　　C despite the difficulty, scientists have some options to prevent global warming.
　　D actions suggested by scientists will never he realized.
　　2. Scientists resist talking about their options because they don’t want people to
　　A know what they are doing.
　　B feel their efforts are useless
　　C think the problem has been solved.
　　D see the real problem.
　　3. What does Stephen Schneider say about a heroin addict and methadone?
　　A Methadone is an effective way to treat a hard heroin addict.
　　B Methadone is not a correct way to treat a heroin addict.
　　C Hospitalization together with methadone can work effectively with a heroin addict.
　　D Methadone and heroin arc equally effective in treating a heroin addict.
　　4. What is Stephen Schneider’s idea of preventing global warming?
　　A To ask governments to take stronger measures.
　　B To increase the sunlight reaching the Earth.
　　C To apply sunscreen to the Earth.
　　D To decrease greenhouse gases.
　　5. What is NOT true of the effectiveness of “sunscreen”, according to the last paragraph?
　　A It deflects sunlight reaching the Earth to counteract the warming.
　　B It blocks the incident energy in the sun’s rays.
　　C It is a controversial method.
　　D It decreases greenhouse gases in the atmosphere.

　　答案与题解 :

　　1. C 短文第一部讲了防止地球变暧是一项艰巨的任务，第二段说，尽管如此，科学家还是有些办法，所以 C是正确选择。 A是错误选择，因为作者认为政府和一些利益集团阻碍了科学家所倡导的行动的实施； B不是作者的观点； D也不是正确选择，因为第一部的昀后一句“ might not be implemented soon enough”并不表明永远不能实现。
　　2. C 文章的第二段说，即使昀糟糕的情况发生，科学家还是有几招的。但他们不希望讨论他们的招数，因为恐怕人们不再有危机感而削弱彻底解决问题的努力。所以 C是正确选择。
　　3. A文章的第二段 Stehgen Schneider教授将自己解决地球变暖问题的办法比作美沙酮。因为在瘾君子拒绝正常住院治疗时，服用美沙酮是一种缓解海洛因毒瘾的有效方法。所以 A是正确的选择。
　　4. C文章昀后一段的第*个句子提供的答案。
　　5. D 短文昀后一段描述了“ sunscreen”如何解决地球变暖问题。尽管有争议，但是研究证明，“太阳屏”能反射和阻碍阳光，起到抵消由温室效应引起的地球升温。昀后一段的第三和第四句是理解这个问题的关键。 D不是文章所表达的内容，所以是正确答案。

　　译文：地球防晒霜

　　就算怀着*美好的愿望，仅仅减少二氧化碳的排放量还是不能制止全球变暖。很明显，即便采取*强硬的措施来控制排放，气候的变化无常仍能导致极速变暖和海平面上升。另一方面，受到政府和特殊利益群体的阻挠，气候学家往往不能将措施很快实施彻底。
　　幸好，如果被逼上绝路，科学家们还有最后几招。在大多数情况下，他们拒绝讨论这些措施，害怕人们会因此沾沾自喜而使这个问题不能被彻底解决。至少目前是这样。越来越多的研究者相信一项大型的地质工程建设可用来抵御全球变暖。斯坦福大学的一位气象学家 Stephen Schneider是很早提出气候变暖这项议题的学者之一。他说，“我把它比作美沙酮。如果你那里有一个海洛因上瘾者，那么正确的治疗方法就是住院，接受长时间的康复治疗。拒绝正常住院治疗，那服用美沙酮是一种缓解海洛因毒瘾的有效方法。”
　　总体思路是给地球也涂上防晒箱。一个天文学家突发奇想，想借此冷却地球：发射亿万轻如羽毛的碟片进入太空形成巨大“云层”以阻碍太阳光。这个想法备受争议，但最近的研究表明，有一些方法可以控制到这地球表面的阳光以抵消温室效应产生的气候变暖。全球气候模型表明，阻断百分之一点八的太阳能刚好可以抵消大气中双倍的温室气体所引起的气候变暖现象。这个想法影响深远，因为即使采取*严格的控制气体排放措施，到本世纪末，二氧化碳量仍会翻倍。并且，这种情况将再持续至少一个世纪。

第二部分  补全短文

　Virtual Driver

　　Driving involves sharp eyes and keen ears，analyzing with a brain，and coordination between hands, feet and brain. A man has sharp eyes and keen ears, analyzes through his brain, and maintains coordination between his hands and brains. He can control a fast-moving car with different parts of his body.         (1)  Apparently there isn't anyone in the driver's cab, but there is in fact a virtual driver1. This virtual driver has eyes, brains, hands and feet too. The minicameras on each side of the car are its eyes and are responsible for observing the road conditions ahead of it as well as the traffic to its left and right. If you open the boot, you can see the most important part of the automatic driving system： a built-in computer.  (2)        The brain of the car is responsible for calculating the speeds objects surrounding the car are moving at2， analyzing their position on the road，choosing the right path，and giving orders to the wheel and the control system.
　　In comparison with the human brain, the virtual driver's best advantage is that it reacts quickly.   (3)  However, it takes the world's best racecar driver at least one second to react, and this doesn't include the time he needs to take action.
　　With its rapid reaction and accurate control，the virtual driver can reduce the accident rate on expressways considerably. In this case, is it possible for us to let it have the wheel3 at ahy time and in any place?   (4)   With its limited ability to recognize things, the car can now only travel on expressways.
　　The intelligent car determines its direction by the clear lines that mark the lanes clearly and recognizes vehicles according to their regular shapes.  (5)   This being the case4, people still have high hopes about driverless cars，and think highly intelligent cars are what the cars of the future should be like.

　　词汇：

　　virtual 虚拟的  built-in 嵌入的
　　coordination 协调，配合 racecar n.赛车
　　cab 驾驶室  expressway 高速公路
　　minicamera n.小型照相机  driverless 无驾驶员的
　　boot.(车身后部的)行李箱

　　注释：

　　1.virtual driver：虚拟驾驶员
　　2.The brain of the car is responsible for calculating the speeds objects surrounding the car are moving at...车的大脑负责计算汽车周围物体移动的速度。The brain of the car is responsible for calculating the speeds objects surrounding the car are moving at = The brain is responsible for calculating the speeds at which objects surrounding the car are moving.
　　3.have the wheel：驾细汽车
　　4.This being the case：虽然情况是这样。This being the case是独立主格结构。
　　5.... highly intelligent cars are what the cars of the future should be like.未来的、汽车就应该是高度智能化的汽车。

　　练习：

　　A Experts say that we cannot do that just yet.
　　B In the near future，intelligent cars will be put into commercial operation.
　　C This is the brain of the car.
　　D But how does an intelligent car control itself?
　　E It completes the processing of the images sent by the cameras within 100 milliseconds.
　　F However, it cannot recognize moving people and bicycles on ordinary roads that have no clear markings on them.

　　答案与题解：

　　1.D “空1”前面三个句子讲的是真人驾驶员驾驶汽车时脑、眼、耳、手、脚并用，而且要协调配合。“空1”之后话题转入虚拟驾驶员。“空1”之后的第*句“Apparently there isn't anyone in the driver's cab ... ”似乎来得有些突然，与前面句子接得很生硬。所以，中间应该有个过渡句。选项D就是连接上下文的过渡句。
　　2.C “空2”前面一句意思是，如果你打开车身后部的行李箱，你就能看到自动驾驶系统中最重要的部件，嵌入式计算机。“空2”后的句子中的the brain of the car自然是指前句的built- in computer,但接得太突然。选项C "This is the brain of the car. ”就把前后句子联系起来了。this指代上一句的built-in comupter。后面句子的the brain of the car是重复选项C中的 the brain of the car,显得很自然。所以，C是答案。
　　3.E “空3”前面一句意思是，虚拟驾驶员最大的优点是反应快。“空3”后面一句意思是，*好的赛车手至少要1秒钟才能作出反应。“至少要1秒钟”已经暗示，虚拟驾驶员反应速度要比真人驾驶员快。选项E说，虚拟驾驶员只需100毫秒就能作出反应。选项E使上下文的意思完整，因此是答案。
　　4.A “空4”前面是一个问句，B卩“在这种情况下，是不是可以不分时间、不分地点都让虚拟驾驶员驾驶汽车?”“空4”的句子应该回答这个问题：“让还是不让?”选项A回答了这个问题，因此是答案。
　　5.F “空 5”前面一句意,思是，“The intelligent car determines its direction by the clear lines that mark the lanes clearly and recognizes vehicles according to their regular shapes. ” (智倉旨、汽车按清晰标出的车道线决定自己的行车方向，靠车辆的常规形状识别其他〒辆。）选项F的内容正好相反。上一句说"recognizes”，还有"mark the lanes clearly"，而 F 说“cannot recognize"，又说“no clear markings”。从意思表达和词汇重复上，都能判断出，F的句子应该出现在“空 5”的位置上。

　　译文：虚拟驾驶员

　　驾驶需要敏锐的视觉与听觉，大脑分析，手、脚和大脑的协调配合。人具有敏锐的视觉与听觉能力，能用大脑进行分析，保持手和大脑的配合。人能用身体不伺部位来操控一辆快速行驶的汽车，但是智能化的汽车怎样自动驾驶呢？显然驾驶室里无人驾驶，但事实上的确存在一个虚拟驾驶员，它有眼睛、大脑和手、脚。汽车两边的小型照相机就是它的眼睛，负责观察前方的路况信息和左右两侧的交通状况。如果你打开车身后部的行李箱，你就会看到自动驾驶系统中最重要的部件：嵌入式计算机。它是汽车的大脑，这个大脑负责计算汽车周围物体移动的速度，分析它在路上的位置，选择正确的道路，并对方向盘和操控系统下达指令。
　　与人脑相比，虚拟驾驶员最大的优点是反应快。对照相机发送的图像，能在100毫秒内完成对其的分析处理。可是世界上*好的赛车手至少要1秒钟内才能做出反应，并且这个时间还不包括他采取应对措施的时间。
　　由于虚拟驾驶员反应迅速，操控准确，它能大量减少高速公路的事故率。在这种情况下，是不是可以不分时间、不分地点都让虚拟驾驶员驾驶汽车？专家们认为目前尚不可以。由于虚拟驾驶员识别物体的能力有限，目前这种智能化汽车只可以在高速公路上行驶。
　　智能汽车按清晰标出的车道线决定自己的行车方向，靠车辆的常规形状识别其他车辆。然而, 它却不能识别在普通道路上行驶的没有清晰标记的自行车和行人。虽然情况是这样，人们始终认为未来的汽车就应该是高度智能化的汽车。

第三部分  完形填空

Car Thieves Could Be Stopped Remotely

　　Speeding off1 in a stolen car, the thief thinks he has got a great catch2. But he is in a nasty3 surprise. The car is fitted with a remote immobilizer, and a radio signal from a control center miles away will ensure that once the thief switches the engine____1____ , he will not be able to start it again.

　　For now, such devices____2____ only available for fleets of trucks4 and specialist vehicles used on construction sites. But remote immobilization technology could soon start to trickle down to ordinary cars5，and____3____ be available to ordinary cars in the UK____4____ two months.

　　The idea goes like this. A control box fitted to the car incorporates6____5____ miniature cellphone, a microprocessor and memory, and a GPS7 satellite positioning receiver.____6____ the car is stolen, a coded cellphone signal will tell the unit to block the vehicle’s engine management system and prevent the engine____7____ restarted.

　　There are even plans for immobilizers____8____ shut down vehicles on the move8, though there are fears over the safety implications of such a system.

　　In the

　　He says it would only take him a few minutes to____11____ a novice how to steal a car, using a bare minimum of tools12. But only if the car is more than 10 years old.

　　Modern cars are a far tougher proposition13, as their engine management computer will not____12____ them to start unless they receive a unique ID code beamed out14 by the iginition key. In theUK, technologies like this____13____ achieve a 31 per cent drop in vehicle-related crime15 since 1997.

　　But determined criminals are still managing to find other ways to steal cars. Often by getting hold of the owner’s keys in a burglary. In 2000, 12 per cent of vehicles stolen in theUKwere taken by using the owner’s keys, which doubles the previous year’s figure.

　　Remote-controlled immobilization system would____14____ a major new obstacle in the criminal’s way by making such thefts pointless. A group that includes Thatcham, the police, insurance companies and security technology firms have developed standards for a system that could go on the market sooner than the____15____ expects.

　　词汇：

　　immobilizer n．使车辆不能调动的装置
　　cellphone n．移动电话，手机
　　ignition / ?g'n???n / n．点火
　　trickle / 'tr?kl / v．慢慢移动
　　immobilization / ?,mob?l?'ze??n / n．使车辆不能调动
　　burglary / 'b??gl?r? / n．夜窃行为；盗窃

　　注释：

　　1．speed off：超速驾驶
　　2．catch：捕获物，猎获物
　　3．nasty：very unpleasant or annoying使人不愉快的；烦人的
　　4．fleets of trucks：卡车队。fleet：a group of vessels or vehicles owned or operated as a unit车队
　　5．trickle down to ordinary cars：慢慢地用到普通汽车上。trickle：to move or proceed slowly or bit by bit慢慢地或一点一点地移动或前进
　　6．incorporate：to cause to merge or combine together into a united whole混合，合并到某一整体中
　　7．GPS：Global Positioning System全球定位系统
　　8．vehicles on the move：在行驶中的车辆
　　9．an array of：一群；一批
　　10．technical fixes：技术装置
　　11．Berkshire：a county of south-central England贝克郡，位于英格兰中南部
　　12．a bare minimum of tools：极少的工具。bare: just sufficient；mere刚刚充足的；仅仅
　　13．Modern cars are a far tougher proposition：现代车远没有这么简单（偷盗现代车要困难得多）。proposition: a matter to be dealt with；a task任务，要处理的事务。
　　14．beam out：to emit or transmit发送，传送
　　15．drop in vehicle-related crime：涉及车辆犯罪案的下降。drop：decrease下降

　　练习：

　　1．A　off    B　on        C　at       D　of
　　2．A　is      B　was         C　were      D　are
　　3．A　can      B　have to      C　need to    D　should
　　4．A　after       B　for       C　in    D　at
　　5．A　the       B　／        C　a        D　an
　　6．A　With       B　If       C　But      D　And
　　7．A　helping       B　being     C　get     D　be
　　8．A　whose      B　who       C　that      D　when
　　9．A　life       B　cars      C　warning      D　problem
　　10．A　about   B　to         C　by        D　on
　　11．A　use       B　inform     C　ask       D　teach
　　12．A　let    B　allow   C　make    D　give
　　13．A　hav helped     B　helped   C　had helped    D　was helped
　　14．A　speak     B　have    C　link     D　put
　　15．A　lawyer      B　doctor    C　customer    D　specialist

答案与题解：

　　1．A　该段主要是说，如果车被盗，只要发出无线电信号，remote immobilizer就能使被盗车一旦停下就无法再启动。因此，应选择A。如选择B，switches the engine on（发动引擎）句子意思便不符合文章内容。C和D与switch不搭配。
　　2．D　devices是复数形式，描述的也是目前的事情，所以应使用be的现在时复数形式are。
　　3．D　该句说，这种遥控技术很快就会开始一点一点地用于普通汽车。然后作者推断，在两个月后这种技术就能用于英国的汽车。A是错误选项，因为该句前面用了could表示委婉的推断，在此不会用can；B和C与意思不符，should也是表示推断。
　　4．C　从搭配上来看，可以选择B和C，但是从意思上来看，必须选择C。for two months：已经有两个月了；in two months：两个月后。不能选择A,因为不符合英语表达习惯。又如：They will graduate in one year.他们一年后毕业。
　　5．C　这里应该使用不定冠词，而且miniature cellphone后面的并列定语都使用不定冠词。不能选择an，因它后面的名词由辅音开头。
　　6．B　从语法结构来看，这里应选择引导状语从句的连词，其他选项都会造成结构错误。而且，If正符合句子的意思。

　7．B　prevent sth.（from）doing是固定用法，restart这里要用被动语态being restarted，所以应选择B。
　　8．C　从句子的结构来看，这里需要一个关系代词引导定语从句。关系代词的先行词immobilizers是物不是人，所以只能用that，不能用who。
　　9．A　在四个选项中，B、C和D显然不符合文章的意思。这里作者要表达的意思是：使……日子难过，所以应选择A。
　　10．C　be funded是被动语态，空格后面是名词短语，从句子的意思来判断，这个名词短语是动作fund的执行者，是谓语动词动作逻辑上的主语，所以必须使用by来引导这个名词短语。
　　11．D　这个句子结构是：to take sb. time to do sth.。从意思上判断，句子的意思应该是：他说只要花几分钟就能教会一个新手如何偷盗汽车。所以，D是答案。use，inform和ask都不能与how to结构搭配。
　　12．B　them后跟着to，所以首先排除A和C（let sb. do sth.）。句子的意思不允许选D。... will not allow them to start ...：……不允许它们启动。

13．A　句子后面的时间状语由since引导，所以句子应该使用现在完成时。
　　14．D　从obstacle in the criminal’s way这个名词短语看出，应选择D，构成put obstacle in sb.’s way（给某人设置障碍）这种固定用法。
　　15．C　前面有go on the market，预期的人应该是customer。当然，specialist，doctor或lawyer也可以预期，但总不及customer那么自然。

　　译文：远程制止偷车贼

　　超速驾驶在偷来的汽车里，偷车贼以为自己大获全胜。但是他马上就会又惊又恼。车上已经被装了远程制动装置，一个几英里以外的控制中心发来的无线信号将确保盗贼一旦启动引擎，他就不能再次发动汽车了。

　目前，这种装置只用于卡车队或者用于建筑工地的特殊车辆上。但是远程制动技术很快就会逐步应用到普通汽车上。并且应该在两个月之内用在英国的普通汽车上。
　　计划是这样的。把一个集合有微型无绳电话，微量处理器，存储器以及全球定位系统的卫星接收器的控制盒子安装在汽车上。如果汽车被盗，一个被编码的无绳电话信号就会告诉这个装置停止车辆引擎控制系统来阻止弓I擎再次被启动。
　　甚至还有一些人主张计划将制动装置装在运行着的车辆上，可是这样一来人们就会担心这个系统的安全性。
　　在英国，二系列的技术装置已经让盗车贼步履维艰了。玛丁兰多来自位于贝克郡的一个由汽车保险工业投资成立的名为撒策姆的安全研究机构，他说，“车辆盗窃的手法已经有所改变。”他还声称只要是10年以上的汽车，他就能用几样简单的工具在几分钟之内教会一个新手怎样偷车。

现代车却远没有这么简单，因为它们的引擎管理计算机装置只有接收到一个的由点火钥匙发送过来的身份密码才可以启动汽车。自1997年以来，在英国，技术人员已经利用此项技术帮助减少了31%的涉及车辆犯罪案。
　　但是不死心的盗贼们却还在一直想方设法偷车。例如很多时候，他们在夜里盗走主人的汽车钥匙进而偷车。在2000年，英国12%的车辆被盗案是由于主人的钥匙被盗，这个数字比前一年增长了1倍。
　　远程控制的制动系统给盗贼设置了一个全新的障碍。包括撒策姆、公安部门、保险公司以及安全技术公司在内的一个群体已经为体系开发出了一些标准，它们将比顾客所预期的更早地被推广到市场上。